Microorganisms: Normal Flora

Microorganisms: Normal Flora The idea of disease in the host-parasite relationship is communicated in the bodys typical verdure. Ordinary vegetation is a populace of small scale life forms that taint the body without causing sickness. A few living beings build up a perpetual relationship, as E.coli is constantly found in digestive organs of people; others like streptococci are transient. Advantageous relationship among body and its ordinary greenery exist at various levels. These might be as mutualism or commensalisms. Lactobacillus in human vagina is instances of mutualism. They get nourishment from vaginal condition and the corrosive delivered by them forestalls the excess of different organisms. E. coli exists as a commenssal, however may likewise once in a while exist in mutualistic affiliation. Ordinary verdure exists on skin oral pit, upper respiratory tract, last piece of small digestive tract and the internal organ. In digestion tracts there are Bacteroides, Clostridium (spores), Streptococci, Gram positive poles including Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas, E. coli ,Candida albicans. Ordinary verdure experiences changes in light of interior condition of the body. Regularly, when one says I have a contamination they intend to state I have an infection, anyway the last isn't exactly so socially adequate. Truth be told, we are completely tainted with an assortment of microorganisms all through our whole lives. Amazingly, our bodies are really made out of more bacterial cells than human cells; while the human body is comprised of around 1013 human cells, we harbor close to 1014 microorganisms. This gathering of life forms, generally alluded to as typical vegetation (in spite of the fact that they are not plants) is made out of a genuinely steady arrangement of genera, for the most part anaerobes. While every individual has a moderately one of a kind arrangement of ordinary vegetation, individuals from the Streptococcus and Bacteroides make up a huge level of the occupants. These life forms add to our reality in a few different ways. These typical vegetation may: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ · Help us by contending with pathogens, for example, Salmonella à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ · Help us by giving nutrients or wiping out poisons (for example Bacteroides) à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ · Harm us by advancing malady (for example dental caries) à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢ · Cause neither assistance nor hurt (for example commensals). One of the most significant elements of our typical greenery is to shield us from exceptionally pathogenic life forms. For instance, in a typical (bacterially possessed creature), around 106 Salmonella must be ingested so as to cause infection. Be that as it may, when a creature has been kept up in a sterile domain an amazing entirety (a gnotobiotic creature), a similar degree of illness can be delivered by as not many as 10 Salmonella. This emotional contrast is essentially because of rivalry (wikiAnswers.com). To a microorganism, the human body appears to be a lot of like the planet Earth appears to us. Much the same as our planet, our bodies contain various conditions, going from dry deserts (for example the lower arm) to tropical backwoods (for example the perineum) to very antagonistic locales (for example the intestinal tract). Every condition has certain points of interest and inconveniences and various microorganisms have adjusted to specific areas of the body for their specific needs. In created nations, PCs are utilized in the bedside region for various capacities, including requesting, checking research center and picture results, recording patients conditions, what's more, bookkeeping. Also, most PC gadgets, for example, consoles and mice, in numerous nations are not water-confirmation and not exceptionally intended for emergency clinic sterilization needs. In this manner, there is a decent chance that PC interface surfaces may fill in as stores for nosocomial pathogens. In addition, the pace of hand washing consistence in social insurance organizations is low (~40%), which is apparently identified with the tainting of lifeless surfaces of clinical supplies and emergency clinic condition with nosocomial pathogens (Boyce JM,Pittet 2002). Studies have demonstrated that the hands or gloves of medicinal services laborers (HCWs) can be tainted in the wake of contacting lifeless things in persistent rooms or in the wake of contacting natural surfaces close to patients (Bhalla An et al., 2004 ;Hartstein AI et al.,1988).One study announced that microbial pollution of PC interface surfaces was predominant to the point that different microorganisms were confined from over half of the consoles of clinic PCs (Rutala WA et al., 2006). The degrees of sullying changed with the closeness to the patients, the surface of lifeless surfaces and the recurrence of contact. The medical clinic ward PC is seen being more uncertain as defiled than bedside PCs (Neely AN et al.,2005). Schultz et al. have announced that 95% of consoles in closeness to quiet destinations had bacterial defilement. Be that as it may, just 5% of these were pathogens known to be related with nosocomial transmission (Schultz M et al.,2003). Most past investigations have detailed the defilement of PC interface surfaces by potential pathogens, for example, Methicillin-safe Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (Boyce JM et al.,1997;Bures S et al.,2000) and Acinetobacter baumannii (Neely AN et al.,1999), yet few have considered the connection between pollution of the ward PCs and clinical secludes in medical clinics with improved hand cleanliness consistence and during a non-episode period. Clinically, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, and MRSA cause the most widely re cognized nosocomial diseases and their quality corresponds with natural surface defilement (Engelhart S et al.,2002;Sekiguchi J et al.,2007).We led an emergency clinic based reconnaissance investigation of these three significant pathogens on PC interface surfaces in various ward settings and afterward analyzed the relationship of tainted PC interface surfaces with the nearness of clinical separates in these wards during a non flare-up period. Skin gives genuine instances of different microenvironments. Skin districts have been contrasted with geographic locales of Earth: the desert of the lower arm, the cool woods of the scalp, and the tropical timberland of the armpit. The creation of the dermal miniaturized scale vegetation shifts from site to site as indicated by the character of the microenvironment. An alternate bacterial greenery portrays every one of three locales of skin: (1) axilla, perineum, and toe networks; (2) hand, face and trunk; and (3) upper arms and legs. Skin locales with incomplete impediment (axilla, perineum, and toe networks) harbor a larger number of microorganisms than do less blocked territories (legs, arms, and trunk). These quantitative contrasts may identify with expanded measure of dampness, higher internal heat level, and more prominent centralizations of skin surface lipids. The axilla, perineum, and toe networks are more as often as possible colonized by Gram-negative bacilli than are drie r regions of the skin. The quantity of microorganisms on a people skin remains generally steady; bacterial endurance and the degree of colonization most likely rely somewhat upon the introduction of skin to a specific domain and incompletely on the intrinsic and species-explicit bactericidal action in skin. Additionally, a serious extent of particularity is associated with the adherence of microscopic organisms to epithelial surfaces. Not all microorganisms append to skin; staphylococci, which are the significant component of the nasal verdure, have a particular bit of leeway over viridans streptococci in colonizing the nasal mucosa. Then again, viridans streptococci are not found in enormous numbers on the skin or in the nose however command the oral verdure. The microbiology writing is conflicting about the thickness of microorganisms on the skin; one explanation behind this is the assortment of techniques used to gather skin microscopic organisms. The clean technique yields the most elevated and most precise means a given skin territory. Most microorganisms live in the shallow layers of the layer corneum and in the upper pieces of the hair follicles. A few microorganisms, be that as it may, live in the more profound territories of the hair follicles and are past the range of standard sanitization systems. These microbes are a supply for recolonization after the surface microscopic organisms are expelled. Staphylococcus epidermidis S. epidermidis is a significant occupant of the skin, and in certain regions it makes up in excess of 90 percent of the inhabitant oxygen consuming greenery. Staphylococcus aureus The nose and perineum are the most well-known locales for S. aureus colonization, which is available in 10 percent to in excess of 40 percent of typical grown-ups. S. aureus is predominant (67 percent) on vulvar skin. Its event in the nasal sections fluctuates with age, being more noteworthy in the infant, less in grown-ups. S. aureus is incredibly normal (80 to 100 percent) on the skin of patients with certain dermatologic infections, for example, atopic dermatitis, however the purpose behind this finding is muddled. Micrococci Micrococci are not as basic as staphylococci and diphtheroids; be that as it may, they are much of the time present on typical skin. Micrococcus luteus, the prevalent species, normally represents 20 to 80 percent of the micrococci disengaged from the skin. Diphtheroids (Coryneforms) The term diphtheroid signifies a wide scope of microscopic organisms having a place with the family Corynebacterium. Order of diphtheroids stays unsuitable; for accommodation, cutaneous diphtheroids have been sorted into the accompanying four gatherings: lipophilic or nonlipophilic diphtheroids; anaerobic diphtheroids; diphtheroids creating porphyrins (coral red fluorescence when seen under bright light); and those that have some keratinolytic proteins and are related with trichomycosis axillaris (disease of axillary hair). Lipophilic diphtheroids are incredibly regular in the axilla, while nonlipophilic strains are discovered all the more usually on glabrous skin. Anaerobic diphtheroids are generally normal in territories wealthy in sebaceous organs. Despite the fact that the name Corynebacterium acnes was initially used to depict skin anaerobic diphtheroids, these are currently named Propionibacterium acnes and as P. granulosum. P. acnes are seen multiple times more as often as possible than P. granulos

Deep Water

I Dedication This report is committed to the 11 men who lost their lives on the Deepwater Horizon rig on April 20, 2010 and to their families, with the expectation that this report will help limit the opportunity of another such fiasco ever happening again. Jason Anderson Aaron Dale Burkeen Donald Clark Stephen Curtis Gordon Jones Roy Wyatt Kemp Karl Dale Kleppinger, Jr. Blair Manuel Dewey Revette Shane Roshto Adam Weise ii Acknowledgments We wish to recognize the numerous people and associations, government authorities and organizations the same that offered their perspectives and bits of knowledge to the Commission.We might particularly want to offer our thanks to the Coast Guard’s Incident Specific Preparedness Review (ISPR) for permitting Commission staff to take an interest in its meetings and conversations, which was important to the planning of this report. (A duplicate of the Coast Guard’s ISPR report can be found at the Commission’s site at www. oilspill commission. gov). We might likewise want to express gratitude toward Chevron for playing out the concrete tests that demonstrated so basic to our examination concerning the Macondo well victory. Related article: Why Nations Fail Chapter 5We additionally thank the Department of Energy, which filled in as our supporting office, and the entirety of the Department representatives whose help was so basic to the achievement and working of the Commission. Specifically, we might want to express gratitude toward Christopher Smith, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Oil and Natural Gas, who went about as the Commission’s Designated Federal Officer, just as Elena Melchert, Petroleum Engineer in the Office of Oil and Gas Resource Conservation, who filled in as the Committee Manager. Be that as it may, in particular, we are profoundly thankful to the residents of the Gulf who shared their own xperiences as Commissioners went in the area, giving a basic human measurement to the catastrophe and to our endeavor, just as the numerous individuals who affirmed at the Commission’s hearings, if open remarks, and submitted proclamations to our site. Together, these commitments significa ntly educated our work and prompted a superior report. Much obliged to you the whole gang. Copyright, Restrictions, and Permissions Notice Except as noted in this, materials contained in this report are in the open domain.Public space data might be unreservedly disseminated and replicated. In any case, this report contains delineations, photos, and other data contributed by or authorized from private people, organizations, or associations that might be secured by U. S. or potentially outside copyright laws. Transmission or propagation of things ensured by copyright may require the composed authorization of the copyright proprietor. When utilizing material or pictures from this report we ask that you credit this report, just as the wellspring of the material as showed in this report. Authorization to utilize materials copyrighted by others, organizations or associations must be gotten straightforwardly from those sources. This report contains connections to many Web destinations. Whe n you get to another site through a connection that we give, you are dependent upon the utilization, copyright and authorizing limitations of that site. Neither the Government nor the National Commission on the BP/Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling (Commission) embraces any of the associations or perspectives spoke to by the connected destinations except if explicitly expressed in the report.The Government and the Commission assume no liability for, and practice no power over, the substance, exactness or availability of the material contained on the connected locales. Spread Photo:  © Steadfast TV ISBN: 978-0-16-087371-3 iii Deep Water The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling Report to the President National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling January 2011 iv Commission Members Bob Graham, Co-Chair William K. Reilly, Co-Chair Frances Beinecke Donald F. Boesch Terry D. Garcia Cherry A. Murray Fran Ulmer v Table of C ontents Foreword PART I: The Path to Tragedy Chapter 1 â€Å"Everyone associated with the job†¦was totally satisfied†¦. † The Deepwater Horizon, the Macondo Well, and Sudden Death on the Gulf of Mexico vi xiii 1 21 Chapter 2 â€Å"Each oil well has its own personality† The History of Offshore Oil and Gas in the United States Chapter 3 â€Å"It resembled pulling teeth. † Oversightâ€and Oversightsâ€in Regulating Deepwater Energy Exploration and Production in the Gulf of Mexico 55 PART II: Explosion and Aftermath: The Causes and Consequences of the Disaster Chapter 4 But, who cares, it’s done, finish of story, [we] will likely be fine and we’ll find a decent concrete line of work. † The Macondo Well and the Blowout 87 89 Chapter 5 â€Å"You’re in it presently, up to your neck! † Response and Containment 129 173 197 Chapter 6 â€Å"The most noticeably awful natural debacle America has ever confronted. † Oiling a Rich Environment: Impacts and Assessment Chapter 7 â€Å"People have plan weakness . . . they’ve been wanted to death† Recovery and Restoration PART III: Lessons Learned: Industry, Government, Energy Policy Chapter 8 â€Å"Safety isn't restrictive. † Changing Business as Usual 215 217Chapter 9 â€Å"Develop choices for guarding against, and relieving the effect of, oil slicks related with seaward boring. † Investing in Safety, Investing in Response, Investing in the Gulf 249 Chapter 10 American Energy Policy and the Future of Offshore Drilling 293 307 356 358 359 362 365 366 368 Endnotes Appendices Appendix A: Commission Members Appendix B: List of Acronyms Appendix C: Executive Order Appendix D: Commission Staff and Consultants Appendix E: List of Commission Meetings Appendix F: List of Staff Working Papers Index vi Photo: Susan Walsh, Associated PressThe blast that tore through the Deepwater Horizon penetrating apparatus last April 20, as the rigâ₠¬â„¢s group finished boring the exploratory Macondo well profound under the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, started a human, monetary, and natural catastrophe. Eleven team individuals kicked the bucket, and others were genuinely harmed, as fire overwhelmed and eventually decimated the apparatus. What's more, despite the fact that the country would not know the full extent of the debacle for a considerable length of time, the first of in excess of 4,000,000 barrels of oil started spouting uncontrolled into the Gulfâ€threatening jobs, valuable territories, and even a one of a kind method of life.A loved American scene, effectively battered and debased from long stretches of bungle, confronted one more blow as the oil spread and washed aground. Five years after Hurricane Katrina, the country was again transfixed, apparently powerless, as this new disaster unfurled in the Gulf. The expenses from this one mechanical mishap are not yet completely checked, however it is as of now certain that the effects on the region’s regular frameworks and individuals were tremendous, and that financial misfortunes all out many billions of dollars.On May 22, 2010, President Barack Obama declared the production of the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling: an autonomous, neutral substance, coordinated to give an exhaustive examination and unbiased judgment. The President charged the Commission to decide the reasons for the debacle, and to improve the country’s capacity to react to spills, and to prescribe changes to make seaward vitality creation more secure. What's more, the President said we were to follow the realities any place they drove. This report is the aftereffect of a serious half year exertion to satisfy the President’s charge.Foreword vii From the beginning, the Commissioners have been resolved to become familiar with the basic exercises so lavishly uncovered in the shocking death toll at the Deepwater Hor izon and the extreme harms that followed. The Commission’s point has been to give the President, policymakers, industry, and the American individuals a reasonable, open, precise, and reasonable record of the biggest oil slick in U. S history: the setting for the well itself, how the blast and spill occurred, and how industry and government mixed to react to an exceptional emergency.This was our first commitment: figure out what occurred, why it occurred, and disclose it to Americans all over. Because of our examination, we close: †¢ The unstable loss of the Macondo well could have been forestalled. The prompt reasons for the Macondo well victory can be followed to a progression of recognizable missteps made by BP Halliburton, and Transocean that uncover such , precise disappointments in hazard the board that they place in question the wellbeing society of the whole business. Deepwater vitality investigation and creation, especially at the wildernesses of experience, incl ude dangers for which neither industry nor overnment has been enough arranged, yet for which they can and should be set up later on. To guarantee human wellbeing and ecological security, administrative oversight of renting, vitality investigation, and creation require changes even past those critical changes previously started since the Deepwater Horizon catastrophe. Central change will be required in both the structure of those accountable for administrative oversight and their inside decisionmaking procedure to guarantee their political self-sufficiency, specialized ability, and their full thought of ecological insurance concerns.Because administrative oversight alone won't be adequate to guarantee satisfactory wellbeing, the oil and gas industry should take its own, one-sided steps to increment drastically security all through the business, including self-policing instruments that supplement legislative implementation. The innovation, laws and guidelines, and practices for contai ning, reacting to, and tidying up spills linger behind the genuine dangers related with deepwater penetrating into enormous, high-pressure repositories of oil and gas situated far seaward and a huge number of feet beneath the

How to Test Your Restaurant Idea with a Food Truck Business

How to Test Your Restaurant Idea with a Food Truck Business A food truck is a huge vehicle that comes with equipment to cook and sell food. You can either sell frozen/pre-packaged food or have a kitchen on-board, to prepare food right from the scratch. Food truck business is one of the most promising start-up businesses that is not only convenient operate but is also extremely economical. Yes.If you want to start a highly profitable business with low capital, a food truck business can work very well for you. Nowadays, most of the popular chefs, budding entrepreneurs, and successful restaurateurs are getting ahead with this business because of the innumerable prospects it comes with. A food truck is indeed a perfect option if you want to break free from the traditional office or the storefront route businesses.However, although the business seems easy and fun, in reality, it involves a lot of hard work. Some successful owners of popular food trucks have reported of working more than 60 hours per week. The rewards of it, however, can be excepti onally great.With this unconventional and quirky business plan, you get a lot of media attention and end up having a large social media fan following who love you for what you are doing. So if you want to provide a decent meal to the hungry, by following a unique and out-of-the-box business plan, a food truck business can be the best thing to do. You can always use this business to test your restaurant business concept and take it to the next level. © Shutterstock.com | BluIz60In this article, we will explore 1) the reasons why you should try a food truck, 2) process of setting up a food truck effectively, 3) what type of food truck should you go for? 4) what should be your food truck design and menu, and 5) a concluding note.REASONS WHY YOU SHOULD TRY A FOOD TRUCK BUSINESSGetting started with a food truck business gives you an opportunity to garner lots of experience in the restaurant business industry. On top of that, it also gives you a much-needed exposure that comes really handy when you start a bigger business in the long run. In case you’re still wondering why you should ‘actually’ try a food truck, here are a couple of reasons, that’ll convince you for sure.Lesser risks: Well, this is one of the most important reasons why you should go for a food truck. A food truck business involves way lesser risks than a conventional restaurant business. The costs involved in getting started with a restaurant will vary depend ing on the type of concept you develop. Starting a high-end restaurant involves a lot of capital and recurring investments. However, on starting a food truck, in the same style (only with a smaller menu), your costs can be remarkably low. By starting small, you get to learn the same lessons in your truck as you would have done in your posh dining establishment. Moreover, if by any chance your establishment fails, you would have a considerably smaller investment to lose.Helps you understand your customers better: By creating a food truck menu, you can reach out to your target market better. You will be able to understand what kinds of food will work with your targeted customers and what kind of stuff won’t work. It’ll give you a chance to experiment, and you’ll soon be able to try different menu options without having to revamp your entire food truck kitchen. Once you start selling good food at a relatively economical price, it will effectively build a great relationship with y our customers. If they like your food, they’ll recommend it elsewhere, thereby bucking up your popularity like never before.Helps you to understand your local system better: Unless you have a professional attorney who has an extensive experience in opening and handling a restaurant, it can take a huge time and effort to check and analyze your local legal systems. Checking out for the restaurant permits can even more daunting and hassling. However, with a food truck and a right attorney, this job can be quite easy and less hassling. Here, you will get to know the individuals who hold office and the health department. Once you start building a rapport with them, it’ll eventually help you with your restaurant in the long run.Builds your brand: Building a promising and successful brand for your restaurant can take a lot of time. In some cases, it takes years to build a reputation in the restaurant industry. Also, if you somehow take the wrong path, it may take you a longer period to re-brand your business if you have a brick mortar restaurant. This hassle can be avoided in a small food truck business. In this business, not only do you get to build a brand easily, but you also get to make modifications to your brand by finding a new location to park. If you manage to provide good food, your customers help you to establish your brand by recommending your truck to one and all.Lets your business run smoothly: Getting started with a food truck can help your business run smoothly in the long run. While operating the truck, you will have to learn every job within it. This will give you an opportunity to improve your operational systems and will eventually help you to run your restaurant business smoothly.Flexible location: Finding the right location for a restaurant is one of the most necessary ingredients to operate your food business successfully. However, finding a proper and viable location can often turn out to be hassling task. In order to avoid this hassle, t he food truck can be a great option. A food truck gives you ample flexibility and lets you understand where your customers are coming from and how you will be able to bring a storefront to your neighborhood. At the same time, you will be able to get in touch with your customers, know them, understand their food tastes and build your own credibility.PROCESS OF SETTING UP A FOOD TRUCK EFFECTIVELYNothing is simple in the restaurant business. So, even when you set up a small food truck, a lot of hard work goes into it. In case you’re getting started for the first time, here’s a list of 10 guidelines that’ll help you in the job.1. Research and find a proper nicheGone are the days when shoddy food trucks would simply serve tacos and cold sandwiches. The food trucks of the current age serve the best gourmet cuisine, international delicacies, health foods, exclusive desserts and everything else that you’d find in a restaurant. The key to being successful in this new and improved bus iness line is by simply finding your own niche and becoming an expert in it. Do a little research to find out about the stuff that is already available in your area. Right after that, come up with your own, unique creation. Add the x-factor to your food truck with unconventional yet incredibly delectable food served in quirky designed plates and cups.2. Register your food parking licensesAfter finding a proper niche and location for your food truck, you will have to get it licensed right away. Every city has different requirements, including certificates from the health department, truck permits and also several parking restrictions. As different cities come with different policies, it is always better to consult your local government to get the right facts. Once you figure out the proper way to get your required licenses and permits, it’ll be a smoother sail.3. Arrange a food truck or cartIf you have a pretty tight budget, a food cart can be the best way to get started. These ca rts are usually available at $2,000-$3,000. However, if you have more money to spare, go for a good food truck. Before settling your stuff on a cart or a truck, plan out exactly how you need to run your business. If you’re looking out to sell pizza, burgers, hot dogs or similar other hot food that can be prepared on-site, you’ll need a relatively larger truck. However, if you’re planning to prepare the food from home/commercial kitchen in advance; a smaller truck will do. In either case, you have to plan out the kind of truck you need and finally choose the best one.4. Prepare a proper business planJust like any other business, in the restaurant business too, you’ll have to dedicate proper time and research for a business plan. Within the business plan you will have to assess the research costs of the permits, the cleaning equipments, ingredients and other relative costs. You will now have to figure out how much of stuff you need to sell each month for a decent profit and ho w much capital would you need to start your business.5. Get capital to start your businessAfter you’ve decided what you need and what you have to spend, create a proper finance plan. You can always find an owner-financing option or visit other places to get capital for your small business. Again, you can also take a credit union loan or utilize several peer-to-peer lending networks that let you lend money from your family or peers. Before getting started with your business, figure out how much you’ll need for the down payment and how much you’ll during the loan.6. Get your insuranceAs your business is going to be on wheels, there are some major insurance costs involved in the process. So, in order to run your truck smoothly, you’ve got to talk to an agent about it and describe the purpose it’ll serve. Your agent will specifically take several aspects of your business in consideration while they design your policy to account for several risks and liabilities.7. Find a parki ng spaceFood trucks are huge, and if you’re planning to operate a full-sized vehicle, you’ll have to check and analyze certain parking issues. You have to check whether your neighborhood association will let you do the parking in front of their homes or if you’re planning off-street parking, you have to ensure whether it’ll be safe overnight. Also, while renting a parking space make sure that it is safe and legal.8. Get connected with customersA food truck business isn’t merely about setting up a truck during busy lunch hours. It is about coming up with new and innovative food, and building a great relationship with customers. If your food is good enough, your customers will recommend you to one and all, and you’ll soon end up having a high-end brand name. Therefore, try to be as courteous as possible with your customers and make the process of networking a part of your job. The right networking skills can help you to meet people who will eventually recommend you to othe rs, thereby backing up your popularity.9. Use social media to popularize your businessNowadays, nothing can be a better option than social media to popularize your business. Some of the most successful truck owners are professionals who make proper use of the social media platform to connect with prospective customers and bring out the buzz. So, keep your followers informed about your location via Twitter and also use a couple of small niche networks to bring in new customers. You can also interact with your fans on social media by creating a poll on the favorite menu or the favorite truck design. This will not only improve your business but will also foster healthy relationships with your customers.10. Grow and expand you businessRight after building your brand, you have to concentrate on expanding and merchandising it. For instance, you can always sell promotional goodies, online, or physically. On top of that, being located in a flexible location, expanding your business shouldnâ €™t be much of a hassle.WHAT TYPE OF FOOD TRUCK SHOULD YOU GO FOR?While getting started with a mobile food business, there are several kinds of trucks to choose from. Some of them are listed below:Food Kiosk Go for a food kiosk if you’re planning to prepare and sell snacks like popcorn, muffins, pancakes, hot dogs, burgers or sandwiches. The ideal location for a kiosk will be near sports or cultural hubs.Food trucks These trucks come with a kitchen, where foods are freshly prepared for guests and customers. Although the choice of foods in these trucks varies, your specialty can be a specific kind of food.Gourmet Trucks Larger than the conventional food trucks, the gourmet trucks usually come with a relatively larger menu spread.Bustaurant As evident from the name, a bustaurant is a bus turned into a restaurant. Here, the front of the bus is designed as a kitchen and the second part is designed like a serving room, where guests are served.Food Carts These carts are relatively smaller in size, and they sell pre-prepared foods like boiled buttered corn, donuts, quick snacks and desserts.WHAT SHOULD BE YOUR FOOD TRUCK DESIGN MENU?Your food truck should come with an innovative appearance, solid structure, an exterior that can be easily maintained, and most importantly, a kitchen that has all the equipment to provide excellent food. All in all, your food truck should come with an appearance and structure that’ll easily grab the attention of all passers-by.While coming up with the truck, try to be as creative as possible. Don’t follow any specific any specific rule or restrictions, and make your truck unique, beautiful and practical. For instance, the opened door of the truck can be an innovative menu board where you can explain your menu in details. At the same time, you can use the cab of your truck to receive the orders and payments.The performance of the mobile food facilities requires more attention, particularly because they are in confined space. Y ou have to be extra sure of the hygiene and ensure that your truck interiors are spick and span, and perfectly well adjusted for kitchen operations. It would work best if the interiors of your kitchen and your kitchen furniture are made of stainless steel. This can prevent it from catching fire. So, although this is a relatively expensive investment, it can turn out to be extremely handy in the long run.Menu ideas for your food truckYour food truck will automatically turn out to be popular if it comes with a wide range of scrumptious, delectable and innovative menu. The menu will define your business, so always try to unleash your creativity while designing it. In any case, it is highly recommended to keep the food simple and quick. Try to add a creative touch, in the regular, simple menu. While complex food items take a lot of time to prepare, easy and simple food will sell quickly and will also be available at affordable prices.You can add any and every kind of grilled items, sand wiches, burgers, salads and fries for the main meal. Again, you can also compile a couple of items and come up with an awesome meal box. For the dessert, try ice cream, fruit salads, puddings or anything of the similar sort.It is highly recommended to change your menu from time to time. For instance, your summer and winter menu should be entirely different from each other. You can also come up with a special item once in a month or fortnight. This will keep your joint popular and crowded.ON A CONCLUDING NOTEAll in all, opting for a food truck can be a great way to test your restaurant business. This will give you an opportunity to explore and experiment with different kinds of food, and, it’ll also buck up your overall popularity. So if you’re looking out for a small startup business that’ll generate a lot of profits and give you ample chance of experimentation; a food truck business can be the best bid.

Stereotyping in Society Essay - 628 Words

Stereotyping in Society Stereotyping are the organizational factors that virtually shape the way we think in 21st century America. They somehow manage to categorize some of life’s most complex matters into nice distinct sections. Classifications and organization, at first glance seem to be useful in distinguishing various aspects of modern life. However, these grouping methods can be very inaccurate, leaving flawed ideas in the minds of citizens on a global level. Stereotypes, though originating as convenient sorting mechanisms, instead, influence our thinking process (Lane 42-43). By instituting broad categories, establishing virtually immovable terms, and, often, being mistakenly identified as facts, stereotypes affect the mental†¦show more content†¦For example, Third World countries were hastily grouped together not because of social or economic similarities, but out of convenience. Since that time, the industrialized nations have harbored the stereotype that the third world is land of starving children and savage tribes. Despite decades of vast improvement, this stereotype remains unchanged. This rigid stereotype has caused many citizens to embrace a false view of the Third World nations and its citizens. One psychological reason for stereotypes is the idea of self-justification. If we treat someone badly, the person deserves it by virtue of their status; if we deny a job to someone, it is not bad because they really are not very smart anyways. Another reason for stereotyping is the feelings of superiority, especially in times of economic downturn. It is nice to have a group worse off than we are so that we can feel superior. Some smaller reasons for stereotyping are displaced aggression, personality needs, conformity and the economic and social competition (43). We have a pressure to structure our environment, to match patterns, to force a fit as needed. We do this for efficiency and to avoid the anxiety of not getting a fix. We use uncritical judgments thousands of times each day. Stereotypes, clearly, should not be mistaken for accurate information. Although there may be a certain amount of truth to the statement, the generalization is often inaccurate (45).Show MoreRelatedGender Stereotyping : An Essential For A Comprehensive Society1371 Words   |  6 Pagesassumptions that are untrue. The history of gender stereotyping which has prompted imbalances between men and women, is long and complex and it is perceived that enactment, however significant, and positive activities alone don t as a matter of course accomplish accepted gender equality. A cognizant effort with respect to society to change mentalities what s more, to oblige difference is an essential for a comprehensive society. Introduction Gender stereotyping keeps on being an impediment to the accomplishmentRead MoreEssay about Stereotyping in Today ´s Society987 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent examples of stereotyping that are present in today’s society. Stereotyping, a predictable opinion or belief, can be connected to race, ethnicity, or religious affiliation. We make very different judgments about people we think to be terrorists, criminals, psychopaths, television stars, hitchhikers, and perverts. Stereotyping could be beneficial and highly accurate in some cases; however stereotyping most Muslims as terrorists can be misleading and unfair. Muslim stereotyping is misleadingRead MoreEffects Of Stereotyping In Schools1122 Words   |  5 Pages Stereotyping in High Schools Stereotyping is alive and well in today’s society. â€Å"Stereotyping is a form of prejudice that forms damaging images of an individual, by classifying him or her according to a particular characteristic that is found among the group of people that the individual is associated with†(Malika). Everyone gets stereotyped no matter their gender, color, religion, political view, or how you act. Stereotyping is labeling someone because of who they are or what they do. StereotypingRead MoreStereotyping986 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Stereotyping In My essay I will discuss stereotyping and different types of stereotyping. I will discuss how in todays society people are stereotyped in different many ways. In today’s society, there are stereotypes for almost any groups that individuals belong to. At some point in any person’s life, they would have experienced stereotyping. For instance, it is often said that all African Americans are good at basketball, males are more aggressive than females, Lawyers are deceitful, and the listRead MoreProfling Vs Racial Profiling848 Words   |  4 PagesCries for racial equality and social justice have been heard from across the nation. Profiling and stereotyping are generally seen as almost the same concept, but this is not the case. Specifically, criminal profiling is defined as â€Å"the act or process of extrapolating information about a person based on known traits or tendencies,† according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary. In contrast, stereotyping is defined as  "an idea that is used to describe a particular type of person or thing, or a person orRead MoreFeminist Theory Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pagesrights of women in the society. It is also based on the assumption that women play subsidiary roles in the society. The whole idea of feminism has however experienced hurdles in the form of stereotyping by the wider society. This paper tries to examine some of the effects of stereotypes that feminism goes through, what other philosophers say and the way forward towards ending stereotyping. To begin with, according to many philosophers, it would be wise to argue that stereotyping on feminism especiallyRead MoreStereotyping : Can We Prevent Stereotypes?1557 Words   |  7 PagesStereotyping is one of the few activities that must be prevented at all costs, due to the fact that it brews rage and hatred amongst the people in our daily society. First things first, Stereotyping is basically a belief of a certain group of people, for example, all African-Americans are excellent in sport activities. Stereotype is similar, but not the same, to prejudice, the feeling of a person based off of their social status , and discrimination, the action of treating others different basedRead MoreStereotyping Is Bad For Kids And People979 Words   |  4 Pagesconducted observations and studies have shown that people in today’s modern society are still prejudice and stereotypical on the things they view in their daily lives. (James, 2012). Psychologists say that stereotypes are noth ing but racism, sexism, and prejudice all summed up together making it a whole. Stereotyping is something that an individual acts upon someone that is weaker, lower status, or minors; furthermore, stereotyping can harm another person’s self-esteem, self-control, confidence, and performanceRead MoreHow To Avoiding Stereotyping Essay example791 Words   |  4 Pagesused to stereotyping other people that they won’t even notice how often they do it. I believe stereotyping can’t be stopped. People stereotype everyday. There are positive and negative categories that stereotyping fall under. Positive category is when people think good of another person. For example; if somebody likes Russians and he/she just met a person who is Russian, then they’ll like them too even though all Russians are different. Every person is unique. Bad category of stereotyping is whenRead MoreStereotyping : Stereotypes And Stereotyping1494 Words   |  6 PagesStereotyping In Educat ion Stereotyping is when you treat people unfairly just because they have characteristics of a certain group (Merriam Webster Dictionary). In education stereotyping is something you come in touch with every single day, it is so common we don’t even know it is happening. In everyday life Stereotypes are used, they are directed towards ethnicity, gender, and education. â€Å"In ethnicity, we have the ideas that each race is a certain way† (Aronson. The impact of stereotypes). Here

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Learning environment in primary schools Free Essays

Virtual Learning Environments or VLEs are the new-age educational direction engineerings that support interactions between scholars and instructors. Virtual acquisition environments besides focus on using assorted resources like on-line systems and practical tools to heighten the acquisition experience. The learning result and experience realized by deploying such a system depends on how good instructors use the system in the schoolroom. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning environment in primary schools or any similar topic only for you Order Now The important determination to utilize VLEs in primary schools provides countless benefits to and arouse a figure of critical academic direction issues. The end of this paper is to measure how constructs of VLEs have affected acquisition in primary schools, particularly in relation to the present instruction patterns and deployment of online and practical instruction engineerings. In add-on, this paper besides provides how pedagogical acquisition values can impact the acquisition environment, particularly when schools use VLEs to circulate information through modern communicating systems. Introduction The action to implement a practical acquisition environment ( VLE ) in a primary school provides a figure of advantages. It besides raises many pertinent issues for the school direction. In fact, school direction should take this issue really lightly ( Gill A ; Shaw 2004 ) . VLEs are the new-age acquisition systems that provide a figure of practical benefits to schools. It ‘s, anytime and anyplace entree, ability to heighten motivational degrees in pupils, capableness to ease independent acquisition, enhanced use of modern information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) tools and active engagement of both instructors and pupils, are some of the most important benefits ( Becta 2004 ) . Many school direction boards perceive a VLE plan as â€Å" facilitators of alterations in instruction and teaching method towards more learner centered attacks, heightening interactivity in larning [ and ] assisting constructional cognition edifice † ( Land A ; Hannafin 2000, Pentland 2003 ) . However, there is a lingering confusion over the use of footings that highlight online larning system ( Gill A ; Shaw 2004 ) . The most widely accepted definition for VLEs as defined by JISC ( 2003 ) is really simple: â€Å" A VLE is an electronic system that can supply on-line interactions of assorted sorts that can take topographic point between scholars and coachs, including online acquisition † ( JISC, 2003 ) . Some other definitions are broader and brushing in nature. European Schoonet uses a broader definition for VLE: â€Å" Any solutions that propose a coherent set of services with pedagogical purposes, back uping acquisition and instruction activities † ( EUN 2003, Annex VI, p81 ) . Commercial VLE developers use an wholly different definition while schools use the term acquisition platforms. The history and development of VLE is rather recent. With the promotion in computing machine and communicating engineering, policymakers from different schools started utilizing on or the other VLEs to supplement their primary educational attempts. Although the use of VLEs is really recent, one can follow the history of VLE back to the former yearss of educational calculating those used technically lacking systems ( Winn 2002 p332-335, Ganesan et al 2002, p94-95 ) . If at all, some schools used this engineering, it was most likely motivated by technological developments instead than the most urgent instruction demands ( Esienstadt A ; Vincent 2000, Porter 2003, Gill A ; Shaw 2004 ) . There is a ferocious argument on the efficaciousness of presenting VLEs in a primary school educational scene. Right now, there are light studies of primary schools utilizing a full-pledged VLE to heighten the quality of instruction. Becta ( 2003 ) studies that, â€Å" a to the full incorporate VLE [ may ] non be appropriate for a primary school at this phase in VLE development † ( p35 ) . On the other manus, Gill and Shaw ( 2004 ) perceives that â€Å" most of the primary schools depend â€Å" on external inputs to develop their apprehension, vision and attendant usage of any provided solution † ( p3 ) . However, more Numberss of schools have started to utilize VLEs to intermix primary instruction into the kingdom of modern practical educational constructs ( DfES 2005c ) . Some primary schools around the universe, particularly in the progress states of the West have started utilizing â€Å" establishment degree † information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) to better their instruction and direction aims. This survey provides how VLEs can impact the edification degrees of primary instruction in schools and in what mode primary schools can incorporate many pedagogical practical acquisition values in a seamless mode. This paper besides presents the use of primary practical acquisition techniques that a primary school can utilize to develop its pupils and recognize better larning experience from them. Reappraisal of Literature VLE is basically a network-empowered computing machine package plan where the user takes portion in an highly fake 3D infinite medium ( Dickey, 2005 ) . Harmonizing to Trindade et Al. ( 2002 ) , VLD displays a high grade of submergence and active engagement that finally makes a user as if he or she is an unreal environment. A VLE plan may include several tools like conferencing system, synergistic simulation tools, shred practical whiteboards, asynchronous and synchronal treatment togss ( Britain A ; Liber, 1999 ) . VLEs offer several advantages over a traditional schoolroom. They are flexible, convenient, supply easy entree to class stuffs and aid pupils retain cognition for a long clip. VLEs besides empower larning that is student-focused, synergistic and self-sufficient ( Harasim et al. 1995 ) . Academicians believe that VLEs could assist pupils with rational lacks in advanced instruction. Pantelidis ( 1993 ) believes that VLEs have the capableness to promote active acquisition and they give users an experience of self-denial over the learning procedure. Both engaged acquisition and VLEs relate with each other. Engaged acquisition is a really old thought. VLEs normally deliberate on active and engaged larning through enquiry. Engagement is an of import construct. In kernel, it is â€Å" the mobilisation of cognitive, affectional and motivational schemes for interpretative minutess with text ‘ ( Bangert-Drowns and Pyke, 2001, p215 ) . An occupied scholar discoveries larning really exciting while the attending degree that he or she exhibits is far better and lengthier. An occupied scholar is besides a scholar by engagement and geographic expedition. The active usage of information and communicating engineering ( ICT ) and its tools could help a pupil become an active and engaged scholar. An ICT based, VLE environment ever involves disputing and existent jobs to work out ( Savery A ; Duffy, 1995 ) . It besides facilitates different types of interactions like learner-content, learner-learner, and learner-teacher ( Chou, 2003 ) . Collaborative acquisition is possible with the deployment of VLEs. Students can easy work in groups to happen solutions to a common job or act as a squad to happen collaborative solutions. Salmon ( 2003 ) explained how teachers could utilize VLE to assist pupils go capable and academically empowered. A good VLE system can better I ) the pupil ‘s degree of handiness to the acquisition procedure, two ) the schoolroom interaction between the pupils and teachers and three ) their motive towards the acquisition ( Lopez et al. 2007 ) . Using effectual VLEs to incorporate seamless pedagogical values The execution of VLEs in a primary school can be really effectual. To put up a formidable VLE to back up a school course of study, the direction may necessitate to believe of its effectivity that in bend is influenced by three of import factors: cognition direction, students ‘ attack to acquisition, and academic public presentation ( Becta 2003 p32 ) . However, all the three factors show a really close relationship. The basic attack to larning in a primary school is affected by the type and effectivity of cognition direction and its sharing form among different pupils. These factors besides lead to some critical inquiries: First, how does a VLE plan act as an effectual tool for administrating cognition direction in a primary school? Second, can its usage and deployment demonstrate a positive influence on pupil ‘s point of view about his or her academic public presentation? Third, is it possible for a VLE plan to heighten the public presentation of pupil in footings of mensurable academic accomplishment? Although practical acquisition environment is a fast spread outing field of academic research, its usage in primary school is instead really bare. No much literature is available on this specific country. One of the of import concerns that most schools express is how they can guarantee a better bringing for traditional course of study and act as facilitators for brushing pedagogical transmutations on the other. Another pressure concern could be the being of the perceived â€Å" digital divide † as suggested by many writers ( Sallis A ; Jones 2002, Valentine et al 2005 ) .Some school direction boards may besides experience about the equality of entree to an online course of study ( Becta, 2003 ) . One of the booby traps of utilizing VLEs in a primary schoolroom scene is the being of a â€Å" digital divide † . Many of the pupils who want to take portion in the VLE thrust may non hold a computing machine with an internet connexion. Students from developing states normally face this job. Another important concern could be the deficiency of cognition in runing a computing machine system. However, some pupils may entree the class by deriving internet connexion from topographic points other than their places. However, these concerns may be irrelevant now because the deployment of robust VLEs can vouch a figure of benefits and advantages. They can authorise the school and its pupils with a far greater entree to the course of study by utilizing a specific and confirmed technological invention ( Vincent A ; Whalley 1998 ) . In add-on, an efficient computer-enabled communicating system can wheedle even the shyest and withdrawn pupils to fall in the plan ( Williams 2002, p266 ) . VLE-blended learning plan Acts of the Apostless as a solid ground tackle. The instructor who handles the plan becomes the ground tackle for his or her pupils. Anchored direction will authorise pupils to research, question, inquiry and analyze the class presented in a practical context. VLEs are really efficient in giving a meta-environment where the system will unite legion on-line resources that could be of huge usage to a pupil ( Sumner A ; Taylor 1998 ) . Teachers use VLEs as a common platform to plan and make trade name new classs ( Minshull 2004, p25 ) . A instructor who uses a good VLE can presume the function of a â€Å" cognition agent † ( Davenport A ; Prusak, 2000, p29-30 ) . Decisions Introducing a VLE environment is a direction determination. The most of import inquiry that research workers pose here is, â€Å" what can schools make to put up a VLE acquisition environment and guarantee its complete success and maximal effectivity? † Minshull debates that â€Å" it is aˆÂ ¦ indispensable that the choice of the VLE and the manner it is implemented are in close conformity with the establishment ‘s strategic program † ( 2004, p20 ) . Many writers argue that VLEs in a primary school context is non utile and it may non supply the coveted result. It is true that many schools are happening deployment of VLEs in their school course of study. The most often asked inquiry is whether this system is making a new paradigm in instruction or it is merely seeking to better an already bing version of plan. The European EUN Consortium Study ( Vuorikari, 2003 ) argues about three of import points: There is a sensed roar in VLE ‘s development They are non run intoing the outlooks of the academicians Schools, whoever is utilizing it, deploy it as a traditional tool to circulate new cognition and accomplishments By the way, this study proposes two plausible grounds for the slow-paced development in the deployment of VLE. The first ground is that most instructors are still larning the techniques in which a VLE plant. The 2nd 1 is the system ‘s inability to back up the coveted alteration ( Vuorikari, 2003 ) . VLEs could be extremely successful tools for presenting content in a real-time mode. However, it can work merely when it utilizes its technological characteristics along with the much-needed re-analysis of the instructor ‘s teaching method. At times, instructors and teachers who are involved may hold some troubles. The teacher-level barriers to the successful execution of VLE system could be the deficiency of assurance, clip and preparation ( Guha, 2000 ) . Teacher ‘s evident fright of failure could besides be a large factor in accommodating to the new engineering. A important alteration in the pedagogical pattern to utilize the new engineering may coerce some instructors non to accept the utility of VLE plans because they feel that those plans may non heighten larning procedure. It may be necessary to analyze the bing pedagogical atmosphere in relation to the present manner of instruction, scrutiny and instruction patterns. The type of barriers that exist today towards the effectual usage of VLE systems are segregated into two typical groups: those associating to the teachers and those connected to the establishment direction ( Becta, 2004 ) . Lack of good ICT installations could be another barrier ( Pelgrum, 2001 ) . Inadequate entree to computing machine installations and organisation of computing machine systems into VLE suits could besides be other barriers ( Fabry and Higgs, 1997 ) . Introduction of VLEs into primary school environment is a comparatively new phenomenon. With the coming of new communicating engineerings and tools, the instruction sector will see debut of sophisticated bringing systems that rely entirely on practical acquisition environment doctrines and aims. Barriers, when broken and shattered, will give manner over to the adaptation of VLEs in an drawn-out graduated table. However, instructors and the establishments may necessitate to utilize this system sagely and in a productive mode. Otherwise, they may merely neglect to accomplish the coveted aims. To cite Tony Bates ‘ words, â€Å" Good instruction may get the better of a hapless pick in the usage of engineering, but engineering will ne’er salvage bad instruction ; it normally makes it worse † ( 1995, p.12 ) . 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The Complex Identity free essay sample

A look at how race and ethnicity impact identity. This essay critically analyzes what it means to be an American. The author attempts to investigate how the way in which we define ourselves within our racial or ethnic categories affects our identities as Americans. Ones identity and self esteem is constantly being molded by a number of ongoing factors. Culture a factor of many. A persons cultural upbringing predetermines how that specific person will live his or her life. It also determines how that person will respect other cultures, as well as his own. A complex nation is America, and the opinions of Americans can vary greatly. Mary C. Waters relays the concept of ethnic options, which is a term which means the freedom to choose your ethnicity, based on the specific situation. Waters strongly believes that Americans with European ancestry are at a significantly greater advantage over non-Whites in America. We will write a custom essay sample on The Complex Identity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Therefore, according to Waters, the ways in which we define ourselves within our racial and ethnic categories, can compliment or vanish our identities as Americans.

7 Resume Mistakes Youre Making That Are Costing You the Job

7 Resume Mistakes Youre Making That Are Costing You the Job At ResumeSpice, we spend a lot of talking to job seekers about how to best present themselves to potential employers. We’ve written quite a bit about it too. However, there are a few universal standards about what not to do on your resume and the team at ResumeSpice has included some of the most common. Regardless of your background and experiences, these mistakes can hurt your chances of landing your dream job. Don’t give misinformationThere are so many reasons not to include misinformation on your resume. Aside from the clear ethical issues, chances are you will be found out. Whether it’s through a reference check or due to the fact that you’re not really that great at the software you claimed mastery of in your resume, time will expose exaggerations and mistruths.   Don’t risk your long-term future for a short-term payoff. Stick to the truth.Lest you think lying on a resume is limited to entry level candidates, here are some high-profile exampl es of higher-level candidates who were caught.Don’t include your nationality, religion, age, or other â€Å"protected† informationThis is particularly relevant to candidates from outside the U.S. where it may not only be accepted, but expected to include information about nationality, age, religion, and other protected classes. But if you’re applying for a job in the U.S., you’ll want to leave this information off.Certain groups of the workforce are protected classes under federal law. As such, employers can be held liable for not hiring someone based on their fitting within certain protected classes, so including that information can make them skip over you to avoid any accusations of discrimination later on.Don’t list your referencesEmployers know that you have references, and it’s understood that they’ll ask for them once they’re seriously considering your candidacy. Don’t waste valuable space on your resume by includ ing references. Don’t even write â€Å"references available by request.†Don’t include meaningless pufferyThere are words and phrases that don’t mean much on your resume. Those phrases like â€Å"team-player,† â€Å"hard-worker,† â€Å"excellent communicator† are all ones you should avoid. The first and most obvious reason is that it takes up space. The second is that those are qualities that every employee should have. If you need some soft skills to include on your resume, demonstrate how you’ve put them in action. Have you led a team? Given presentations and received great feedback? Sharing examples is more powerful than including a list of generic terms.Don’t leave out pertinent informationPertinent information are things like the dates of employ at each company and your contact information (yes, people actually leave out their contact information).Your tenure at each company is important to recruiters, so do yourself a favor and make sure they’re listed. If you’re worried about a career gap, there are several ways you can overcome that on your resume, or you can address it in a cover letter.Don’t include jobs from 20+ years agoIf you have a solid resume and career experience, there’s no need to include the snow cone stand you worked at in high school.   The jobs from long, long ago are likely irrelevant to the types of jobs you’re seeking now. The only time a job during high school might be acceptable to include is if you’re a recent graduate.Don’t use the same resume for each applicationEach company you’re applying to is unique in the sense that they all have different business goals and needs. That’s why they advertise specific qualifications. For each role, pick out several key words that feel really important to the job and interlace your resume with them.   For example, if a company writes that agency experience isn’ t required, but it’s preferred, you’ll definitely want to highlight any agency experience you might have.Everyone wants their resume to stand out, but it needs to stand out for the right reasons, and we think it’s just as important to understand what not to do as it is to understand what to do. We welcome you to visit  ResumeSpice  for more help.About ResumeSpice: ResumeSpice is an online career services company, offering a comprehensive menu of career services to help job seekers land the job of their dreams. From resume writing to cover letter, interviewing, LinkedIn, and career coaching services, job seekers are able to select from a suite of options that meet their needs. ResumeSpice was developed by recruiters based on first-hand knowledge of what recruiters, hiring managers, and HR professionals are really looking for in a successful candidate. For more information, visit  www.resumespice.com.

Colleges that Require the ACT Writing Test

Colleges that Require the ACT Writing Test If youre trying to decide whether you should take the ACT with Writing or just the regular ACT, the list below can help. It includes all of the colleges and universities in the 50 United States that require the ACT writing section. Realize, however, that there are hundreds of colleges that recommend the ACT Plus Writing even if they dont require it. Unless you know that the schools to which you are applying dont care about the writing section, it may be wise to spend the extra half an hour and $16.00 to take the ACT Plus Writing. The schools that require the ACT Writing Test range from elite Ivy League schools to small unaccredited colleges that you probably havent heard of. Ive listed the schools by state. The schools on the list were identified using ACTs search tool. Colleges change their requirements frequently, so be sure to double-check with the schools for the most accurate and up-to-date information. You can click on a schools name to get more information including acceptance rates and typical ACT and SAT scores for admitted students. Note that the number of colleges requiring the ACT with Writing has gone done by a couple dozen schools after the SAT dropped the required writing section from its exam in March of 2016. Some schools had required the ACT Writing Test to put the SAT and ACT on equal footingstudents taking either exam would need to take the writing test. Now that writing is optional for the SAT, many schools have decided to make it optional for both exams. Alabama Auburn UniversityUniversity of Alabama at Tuscaloosa (Bama, UA, Alabama) Alaska None Arizona None Arkansas None California California Institute of TechnologyChapman UniversityClaremont McKenna CollegeGolden State Baptist CollegeHarvey Mudd CollegeOccidental CollegePatten UniversityScripps CollegeSoka University of AmericaStanford UniversityUniversity of California at Berkeley (Berkeley)University of California at Davis (UC Davis)University of California at Irvine (UC Irvine)University of California at Los Angelos (UCLA)University of California at Merced (UCM)University of California at Riverside (UCR)University of California at San Diego (UCSD)University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB)University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC)University of La VerneUniversity of San DiegoWestmont CollegeWhittier College Colorado None Connecticut Coast Guard Academy (USCGA)University of Connecticut at Storrs (UConn)Yale University Delaware Delaware State UniversityUniversity of Delaware (UD) District of Columbia Gallaudet University Florida Florida AM (FAMU)Florida Atlantic UniversityFlorida Gulf Coast University (FGCU)Florida International University (FIU)Florida State UniversityTrinity Baptist CollegeUniversity of Central Florida (UCF)University of MiamiUniversity of North FloridaUniversity of South Florida at TampaUniversity of West Florida Georgia Berry CollegeEmory UniversityGeorgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech)Georgia Southern UniversityGeorgia State UniversityLife UniversityMorris Brown College Hawaii University of Hawaii at Manoa Idaho None Illinois Morthland CollegeNorthwestern UniversityPrincipia CollegeSt. Joseph College SeminaryVanderCook College of Music Indiana Fairhaven CollegeIndiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW)Indiana University EastUniversity of Evansville Iowa None Kansas None Kentucky Louisville Bible College Louisiana None Maine None Maryland Towson UniversityWashington Adventist University Massachusetts Atlantic Union CollegeBabson CollegeBoston CollegeBrandeis UniversityEmerson CollegeGordon CollegeHarvard UniversityNortheastern UniversityOlin College of EngineeringSpringfield CollegeSuffolk UniversityWellesley College (photo tour) Michigan College for Creative StudiesMichigan State UniversityUniversity of Michigan at Ann Arbor Minnesota Martin Luther CollegeUniversity of Minnesota, MorrisUniversity of Minnesota, Rochester Mississippi None Missouri College of the OzarksEvangel UniversityUrshan College Montana University of Montana-Western Nebraska None Nevada None New Hampshire Dartmouth CollegeUNH, University of New Hampshire (Durham) New Jersey Caldwell CollegePrinceton UniversitySeton Hall University New Mexico None New York Concordia CollegeFive Towns CollegeFordham UniversityJohn Jay College of Criminal Justice (CUNY)LIM CollegeList College (Jewish Theological Seminary of America)Maritime College (SUNY)Molloy CollegeOld Westbury (SUNY)Pratt InstituteSiena CollegeStony Brook University (SUNY)Syracuse UniversityUniversity at Buffalo (SUNY Buffalo)Vassar CollegeWest Point (United States Military Academy) North Carolina Duke UniversityElizabeth City State UniversityElon UniversityFayetteville State UniversityMars Hill UniversityNorth Carolina Central University (NCCU)Queens University of CharlotteUniversity of North Carolina School of the ArtsUniversity of North Carolina at Asheville (UNCA)University of North Carolina, GreensboroUniversity of North Carolina, Wilmington (UNCW)Western Carolina UniversityWinston-Salem State University North Dakota None Ohio Case Western Reserve UniversityGod’s Bible School and CollegeLake Erie CollegeUniversity of Toledo Oklahoma None Oregon Oregon State UniversityPortland State UniversityWestern Oregon University (WOU) Pennsylvania Arcadia UniversityDelaware Valley CollegeLafayette CollegeLehigh UniversityMuhlenberg CollegeUniversity of Pittsburgh (Pitt)University of Pittsburgh at GreensburgUniversity of the Sciences in PhiladelphiaVillanova UniversityYork College of Pennsylvania Rhode Island Brown UniversityRhode Island CollegeRhode Island School of Design (RISD) South Carolina Clemson UniversityUniversity of South Carolina at Columbia (USC)Wofford College South Dakota None Tennessee Vanderbilt University Texas Hardin-Simmons UniversityMidwestern State UniversityPaul Quinn CollegeSouthwest School of ArtSt. Edwards UniversityStephen F. Austin State UniversityTarleton State UniversityTexas AM at College StationTexas State UniversityUniversity of DallasUniversity of Mary Hardin-BaylorUniversity of St. ThomasUniversity of Texas at AustinUniversity of Texas at Dallas (UTD) Utah None Vermont Saint Michaels College Virginia University of Virginia at CharlottesvilleWashington and Lee University Washington University of Washington Tacoma West Virginia West Virginia University Institute of TechnologyWest Virginia University Wisconsin None Wyoming Wyoming Catholic College

Teaching all Standards Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 9000 words - 1

Teaching all Standards - Thesis Example When developing a vision within a specific scholastic environment a large body of theoretical work and research indicates the importance of the school principle bringing together diverse viewpoints together under the auspices of a unified vision. In considering the means of accomplishing this task one of the first elements that must be developed is the nature and type of my own beliefs and motivations. In terms of establishing these beliefs I recognize that the important element is to think with the end in mind. In approaching the scholastic vision from this top-down constructivist approach it’s possible to establish the intended vision and then establish a variety of goals and avenues the scholastic environment can work towards achieving. The next step must be to consider the current scholastic environment and work towards developing a means of uniting these leaders and professionals in a cooperative and functional setting. In these regards, Fiore notes that, The relationship s among and between school stakeholders and how those relationships contribute to the overall purpose of schooling must be considered as the mission statement is crafted. Leaders are people who understand the interdependence of people. It is up to the leader, particularly in light of ISLLC Standard 1, to lead other toward the creation of a common purpose for schooling (Fiore, pg. 25) In these regards, the school environment becomes the primary area of focus, as the administrator must balance the end-goal with the current scholastic environment in order to establish and meet the desired vision. Indeed, I recognize that the nature of the current scholastic environment is an important consideration when establishing my overriding vision. Finally, it’s argued that after working towards uniting the professional community, the administrator must consider the â€Å"historical nature of the specific school† (Kowalski, pg. 209). This will be another major step taken in achievin g the scholastic vision. In terms of Kern County Elementary School one of the most pivotal aspects of developing a meaningful vision will be a thorough understanding of the school’s scholastic achievement levels. While this detailed information is not regularly available to the public, it is essential in developing a cohesive and proactive vision on a number of grounds. While community interaction and involvement are critical areas of school and student development, the scholastic environment is ultimately a place of academic learning. In these regards, upon assuming control of the school the first step that would be taken would be taking a large-scale overhaul of educational deficiencies, as well as areas of achievement. One of the realities of school administration is the understanding of county, city, and state standards. In large part funding and recognition are attached to the school’s successful adherence to these scholastic standards, as this allows for a cohesi ve educational community that can extend even to the national level. The next step will then be to develop a cohesive vision that will target these deficiencies and nurture these scholastic strengths. In accomplishing this goal a multi-tiered approach will be developed that targets all grade levels. Grade wide meetings will be called wherein the teachers of these specific grades will be informed of the areas of scholastic

What do UEL students think about the future of university education Essay

What do UEL students think about the future of university education and why - Essay Example Another theme uncovered in the research was growing sentiment that university classroom sizes should be reduced in order to provide better learning and relationship development. Further, there were also beliefs that teacher education would need to be improved in order to build more competent teaching to keep up with the dynamic changes in tomorrow’s business environment. However, these identified themes had very radically-different attitudes about the future of education that conflicted with using them as a foundation for primary research. The most common theme, both in psychology text and general research articles was the impact of debt and financing for tomorrow’s university experience. Due to the commonalities associated with costs and future debt, this study developed its methodology based on this common theme. Review of literature There are many different governmental policy-makers that continue to debate the nature of public financing for education and are current ly working on proposals to change the government involvement in providing tuition and living costs to students with low- and mid-range incomes. One proposal for the future of university education is to create a system whereby student loan debt payments actually decrease based on income changes for the post-graduate (Browne 2010). Why is this important for this study? According to Callender (2002) students who take on considerable student loan debt have very high instances of pathological depression and anxiety about how this will impact their lifestyles. Pathological depression, according to Morris and Maisto (2005) is defined as a mood disorder that includes overwhelming feelings of sadness, social isolation and excessive guilt. Further, those struggling with anxiety have prolonged periods of intense fears that can lead to panic or even social isolation (Morris and Maisto). University educators not only attempt to promote standardized learning, but also to assist students in becomi ng active contributors to the social order. Students who have earned their degrees from the university tend to be more participatory in volunteerism, experience much more social inclusion, and tend to be more involved in community affairs (Greenaway and Haynes 2003). Universities will be limiting their ability to provide more effective contributors to society if lessons on community and sociology are lost to situations of anxiety and depression due to concerns over debt load. Why is this a concern for the future of university education? According to Vasagar (2011), universities are losing revenues today and therefore are planning to charge the ?9000 pounds for tuition that is allowable by current laws related to university enrolment. Concurrently, university costs continue to increase annually by approximately 10 percent, thus the future of funding for education looks to greatly exceed the current ?9000 cap due to inflation and higher operational costs of the university (i.e. facili ty management, payroll and supply chain). Research also identified that complaints about the student loan process have greatly increased from 2006 to 2011. A major supplier of student loans, The Student Loans Company, logged an increase in grievances from students that rose from 1,411 in 2006 to 5,648 in 2011 (Cook

Outdoor Recreation And Leisure Tourism Essay

Outdoor Recreation And Leisure Tourism Essay Outdoor recreation and leisure is very present in the Mauritian context. Being an island, Mauritians as well as tourists try to benefit the most from the unique environment and climate which is ideal for leisure activities (Badat, 2009). As the island offers a wide range of prospects in terms of outdoor recreation, such as trekking, kayaking, snorkeling amongst others, it is a must to experience at least one among them (MTPA, 2011). In this respect, the study selects a particular outdoor recreation and studies the various aspects which are involved within. Aim of study An in depth analysis of Yemaya Adventures Objectives of study To identify the activities provided and its impacts. To identify the marketing strategies of the organization. To find out to which extend the organisation is sustainable To participate in an activity provided by the organization. Methodology With regards to our outdoor recreation project, all start with contacting several leisure providers like Dive Sail Travel, Cap Soleil, Ican Tropic , Yemaya Adventures and so forth. At first, it was quite difficult to contact those companies as it was time consuming, the person in charge was unable to provide us with clear and accurate information and the prices that are charged for those activities were too expensive. Finally, we contacted Yemaya and while dealing with the person we noticed that there was effective communication compared to other organizations and the prices were cheaper. Thus, we decided to go for Yemaya Adventures. Moreover, for our methodology participant observation and interview were used as our research instruments. Participant observation is a very commonly used observation technique (REF ) and in this method, one needs to participate in order to obtain data. Through participant observation one can obtain first-hand data as well as in depth information about the leisure provider. However, it is very time consuming. We also interviewed the manager of Yemaya Adventures, Mr Patrick Haberland and this enables us to know about the organisations other activities that they provide, how they market their organization and what is more crucial is to what extent the activities of the organization is sustainable. Overview of Yemaya Adventures Literature review Definitions and Concept of Leisure, recreation and tourism   Leisure, recreation and tourism are generally viewed as key components in peoples lives (Lynch and Veal (1996). Outdoor recreation brings happiness to people as it gives recreational opportunities to them.   Leisure means various things to different people and therefore it consists of many definitions given by many researchers.   For instance, Fava (1964) stated that leisure is the time which an individual has free from work or other responsibilities and which may be used for the purpose of relaxation, diversion, or personal development.   In contrast, according to Godbey (1999), a leading researcher in the field of leisure education said that leisure is typically related with spare time or situations in which people have the luxury of choice.   Sylvester (1999) stated that, we must not neglect the fact that in ancient time, leisure was considered as a luxury and was affordable by affluent people only.   Recreation   The term recreation is originated from the Latin word of recreation and recreate which means to refresh and to restore (Edginton et al 1995). Examples of outdoor recreation involve: Visiting parks and natural areas. Visiting historical and archaeological sites. Outdoor concerts and festival. Golf and kite flying   Forest activities like wildlife safari, camping and tree climbing. Importance of Outdoor Recreation   Research has shown that outdoor recreation activities undoubtedly contribute positively to one health as well as well-being (Boniface, 2000; Dickson, Gray and Mann, 2008).   Through recreation activities, people get the opportunity to enjoy the natural environment if they are doing adventure activities, interact with other people (Berman and Davis-Berman, 2000). Moreover, study has illustrated that the way life alters with the loss of link which inevitably result to poor lifestyles (Godbey, Caldwell, Floyd and Payne 2005).   Nowadays, the new generation mainly children are more likely to be at risks than their parents.   Children currently have more possibilities of health problems, such as asthma, obesity, vitamin D deficiency since they have inactive lifestyle as well as lack of physical exercises (REFERENCE). Consequently, it may lead to cardiovascular, pulmonary and mental health problems in adulthood (REFRENCE).   Children from poor backgrounds are more likely to be away from green space as they have built environment such as bad housing condition, traffic congestion and so forth (REFERENCE). Today the world is connected with technological gadgets and children tends to stay more in front of their computers, television, playing video games and after school hours they need to complete their homework therefore youngsters miss the contact with the natural setting, they also miss the chance for stress reduction, healthy development, physical activity and restoration (REFERENCE). Benefits of Outdoor Recreation Economic benefits: Outdoor recreation economically benefits a country. For example, among all activities, bicycles are viewed as more sustainable compared to other activities and it brings over $ 81 billion into the American economy annually (Knight, 2012). Moreover, he also stated that bicycling also provide 770,000 direct jobs for people. Social Benefits Australian and International research stated that the notion of outdoor recreation participation is considered as an important facilitator of personal and community development. According to one Australian researcher, he said that outdoor recreation as a search for personally meaningful involvement (McIntyre 1992, p. 70). Lynch and Veal (1996), assert that outdoor recreation is highly beneficial to the local communities as it promotes physical health, psycho-social well-being, self-actualization, spirituality, family bonding, child development, self-identity, social skill development and environmental education. Social and psychological is beneficial in two ways. At first, during participation, people are more likely to experience the enjoyment with the activities that they have chosen its locality, its passion and personal satisfaction. Finally, after participation there is a change in the persons state of mind (Shreyer Driver 1990). For instance, there might be an increase in social responsibility through having a feeling of belonging to an outdoor recreation community and it also reduces stress. Environmental Benefits Those people involved in outdoor recreation tend to be more willing to preserve and conserve the environment, for example, they provide management strategies to reduce the negative environmental impacts. Participants who are motivated to help in conservation initiatives on a particular place which they love and feel attached. By doing so, this will surely establishes the environment and contributes to the environmental sustainability. Motivation for outdoor recreation   According to Iso-Ahola (1980), individuals are encouraged through defined objectives as well as rewards which can be either extrinsic or intrinsic.   When a particular activity is occupied in to acquire compensation, it is known as extrinsically motivated.   In contrast, intrinsically motivated is when a person is self motivated to achieve something or engaged in the activity for its own sake.  Ã‚   Moreover, Iso-Ahola thinks that leisure behavior is mainly caused by intrinsic aspects which are linked to self-expression, competence as well as agreement which implies freedom of choice.   Nevertheless, recreation choice should not be regarded as unlimited.   The ability for individual to choose from a range of recreational activities cannot be compromised due to the fact that individuals motivation to be indulged in a given outdoor recreation is projected in the selection made from various outdoor activities. Furthermore, choice is encircled by many pitfalls such as physical capability, affordability, awareness, time restrictions and family obligations.   These limitations differ among people and the demographic, socio-economic and other groups. Demand and Participation   Demand is an economic term used in order to illustrate the link that exists between the quantities of a good that people will buy as well as the prices that they will have to pay.   In other words, it refers to the ability and willingness to pay for a particular product.   The elements of demands are as follows:  Ã‚   1. Effective, expressed or actual demand is the actual number of participants, for instance it reflects the number of people that participate in countryside recreation. The number of people involved in such activity might be expressed per day or per year.  Ã‚   2. Latent or suppressed demand refers to unfulfilled demand.   Therefore, it is where an individuals desire to participate has not been fulfilled due to some reason.   But if the situation alters such a desire may ultimately become effective demand. However, such demand is not easy to quantify as it relies on peoples wishes and desires as well. When taking into account suppressed demand it can be emphasized that the latter gives rise to two elements namely: deferred demand and potential demand.   When reference is being made to deferred demand refers to demand that is unfulfilled due to a lack of amenities, for example, if a large number of people wish to go to the swimming pool but the problem is that if there is no swimming available then this want will be unfulfilled and demand will be postponed until a swimming pool is provided.   In contrast, potential demand is demand that is unfulfilled simply because there is a shortage of personal resources such as income or mobility. But, if there is an improvement in terms of personal situation it can undoubtedly be fulfilled in the future. 3. Lastly it can be said that there will be people who will surely prefer not to involve in recreational activities and this is known as no demand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Factors affecting demand for outdoor recreation can be classified into : > Demographic characteristics   > Socio-economic characteristics   > Situational characteristics   Demographic Characteristics   In terms of demographic characteristics there are several factors that affect the recreation preference and it includes age, sex, marital status and family diversity.   Research has shown that young male who are single are more likely to involve in outdoor recreation and even if they are married they are unwilling to have children (Booth, 1989; Genet 2001; Booth Peebles, 1995).   These participants are really interested in their education and they inevitably want to get well paid jobs. Socio -economic characteristics   Price   From an economists perspective, price is considered to be a key factor in determining price as customers decision but the price of leisure is complicated with regards to many other products.   For example, a normal product consists of a single price but while comparing it to the price of leisure activities it is different as it consists of separate elements such as the valid nature of the leisure, other price like costs of transport, parking, equipment, clothing and accommodation might be charged.  Ã‚   Economists stated that as leisure involves time, therefore the opportunity cost of that time in terms of its possible earning power should also be included in the list mentioned above.   According to Gratton and Taylor (1985) he argued that the price of a product affects demand in two different ways.   First and foremost, the average cost of participation which involves all types of costs such as entrance fee, equipment and so forth might affect demand in terms of decision making to involve in the activity.   Thus, the higher the average cost, the lower the participate rate.   Secondly, marginal cost is the cost that has an impact on the frequency of participation.   For example, in association with leisure activities there may be fixed costs involved like membership fee, buying of equipment and so on.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Income   Income can be viewed as a feature that enables people to buy a leisure product.   Research has shown that in the second half of the nineteenth century there has been a drastic change with regards to income growth. It was then that the development of mass leisure started and simultaneously there was a constant increase of income and this has definitely an impact on growth of leisure. Affluent people have always enjoyed their leisure; therefore it can be made crystal clear as income increases people will surely have more leisure. Situational characteristics   Time   Self-employed people generally have better control concerning their time plan and these people are more likely to have more leisure time.   Mobility   Car ownership has increased dramatically because the income of people has risen and cars are more affordable to buy and run.   If a person does not possess a vehicle, therefore he or she might be disadvantaged in terms of site, journey, timing and duration of the trip.  Ã‚   External factors affecting demand for outdoor recreation are: Recreational opportunity is highly dependent upon availability and accessibility of recreation sites.   Thus, the nature of recreation sites as well as availability will surely rely upon several things such as carrying capacity, ownership, distribution, quality, access and degree of development.   These reflect three important elements which consist of economic, behavioral and political.   Hence, it helps both private and public sectors in terms of good decision making with regards to recreation provision. While making decision to visit any particular recreational sites, accessibility is considered to be a key element in influencing participation.   Moreover, how crucial it is, as an element in decision making in influencing the what and where of recreation involvement is explained by Chubb and Chubb (1981:153) :   People participation will increase if all other external and personal factors support participants, however if the site is not accessible it might certainly be a problem. Recreation travel behavior   While going to any particular site for recreation, distance is really important and for most movement, a distance-decay effect can be known so that the power of interaction diminishes as distance increases.   In this context, if a recreational site consists of greater distance and involve more effort and time, might not be supported by participants.   But, not all activities are time consuming as it relies on the types of activities that one is taking part in.   The impact of longer distances will be negative to some extent as the more a person travel, he or might be tired and found it to be unpleasant.   On the other hand, such effect may be encouraging in situation where a person is travelling by cruise.   The latter may enjoy and the longer the distance the greater the desire to extend it. Recreation choice behavior Forecasting of recreation behavior would have been taken into account if more was known with regards to factors influencing decision-making to attitudes, motivations and perceptions.   This would be very helpful as it would explain: 1. Why some sites and activities are suitable;   2. Why some recreational firms are failures while others are satisfied by participants; 3. Why and how alternative recreation are ranked. The recreation alternative process is influenced by peoples perceptions of what recreational opportunities are available.  Ã‚   Natural environments as recreation settings   Driver et al. (1987) demonstrates that natural surroundings are really crucial in attaining the preferred result from leisure. Research conducted in Colorado have shown that participants like to enjoy mostly in nature, therefore, natural environment plays an integral role in achieving the result as well as satisfaction required from involvement in certain forms of recreation.   According to Kaplan and Kaplan (1989), participants satisfaction is associated with natural settings through integration mind and body in the leisure activity.   Hence, environmental aspect beyond doubt is considered to have a dominant influence on recreation behavior and this has first derived from gurus like Schreyer et al. (1985), he propose that the most helpful demonstration of the environment for the explanation of behavioral choice is considered as important.   They also stated that people are more likely to explore the natural environment location which will undoubtedly allow them to behave in the ways they wish and consequently this will enable them to achieve a desired cognitive state.   Thus, the theory that recreation experiences are closely linked to recreation location is fundamental with regards to the notion of the recreation opportunity spectrum. Outdoor recreation constraints: Since the past few decades, much research has been made on the constraints of outdoor recreation. Constraints are factors that limit peoples participation in leisure activities, peoples use of leisure services, or peoples enjoyment of current activities (Jackson Scott, 1999). As per Crawford, Jackson and Godbey (1993), there are three major types of constraints namely intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural. Intrapersonal constraints consist of the psychological characteristics of an individual that interact with personal preferences, thus the constraints that will affect personal preferences. For example, the self-esteem that an individual has or the perceived physical skills that he/she has. As for interpersonal constraints, they are the constraints which involve the interaction and relationship among individuals. For example, access to friends or relatives company for a particular recreation. Finally, structural constraints are those constraints that affect the participation of an individual in a particular leisure activity. Structural constraints intervene between the personal preferences of a person and that persons participation in the recreation activity. For example, the cost of participating in a leisure activity or the problems involved with the facilities for an outdoor recreation. Moreover as per the hierarchical model developed by Crawford, Jackson and Godbey (1993), more importance is assigned to the intrapersonal and interpersonal constraints and the structural constraints are considered as less important. This is so because people, while going through the participation decision-making process; there are constraints which will interact with motivations and preferences and thus shape the level of participation in the recreation or leisure activity. But however there are ways of negotiating through the constraints whereby people manage to participate in the recreation activities. Among the various constraints that exist, Jackson (1993), found that time was amongst the most important constraints as well as cost. As per the other researches made, it has also been noted that lack of money, transportation, and other structural items were factors contributing to constraint (Coyle Kinney, 1990; Kay Jackson, 1991; Samdahl Jekubovich, 1997; Williams Fidgeon, 2000). As for Walker and Virden (2004), they noted that constraints on time are the strongest ones, and the ones that are the most common in the various researches made. More recently, Jackson (2005) stressed the importance of understanding structural constraints, opining that no constraint or type of constraint is experienced with equal intensity by everyone, although time-related and cost-related constraints rank along with the most generally and strongly experienced inhibitors of the achievement of leisure goals and a balanced lifestyle Jackson (2005) also discussed the importance of recognizing that constraints may vary greatly across the different subgroups of the population, and across individuals. Most of the relevant studies (Alexandris Carroll, 1997; Jackson, 2005; Horna, 1989; Jackson Henderson, 1995) have come to the common conclusion that women face more intense leisure constraints than men, and this result mainly from lack of time. They tend to suggest that womens place within society, womens roles and responsibilities, often limit womens freedom of choice. Furthermore, lack of technical skills, private transportation and of financial resources are also experienced by women more intensely than men (Harahoussou, 1996; Harrington Dawson, 1995). Types of outdoor recreational activities Recreational activities fall under different categories which are mountain activities, forest activities, beach and sea activities and some more such as fresh water activities, aero activities, desert activities, family activities and cultural and historical activities. This is due to the fact that there are thousands of outdoor locations and different types of activities that can be done at different sites. Under each of these above mentioned categories there are different recreational activities that can be undertaken : * Mountain activities- trekking, rock climbing, mountain biking, motorbike expedition, skiing, snowboarding, ice climbing and canyoning * Forest activities- wildlife safari, camping, bird watching, elephant safari and tree climbing * Beach and sea activities- snorkeling, scuba diving, parasailing, boat fishing, wind surfing and water sports * Fresh water activities- angling, canoeing, white water rafting, water sports and sea kayaking * Aero activities- gliding and ballooning * Desert activities- camel safari and desert jeep safari * Family activities- theme park and safari park * Cultural and historical activities- indigenous culture, museum and metal detecting All these activities mentioned here, cannot be practiced everywhere. It depends on the destination if it can provide for such environment. There are activities which may fall under more than one category. Recreation Opportunity Spectrum: A recreation opportunity as the name implies, is the choice to participate in a preferred recreation activity within a preferred setting and to enjoy the desired experience. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) which was developed in the United States (Clark Stankey, 1979), is first of all a tool which is used to plan outdoor recreation so as to identify in which categories the activities fall. It is also a framework for recreational planning whereby the opportunities present for recreation are defined. The objective is to provide diverse recreational experiences and manage them simultaneously in conjunction with other needs for land use (Yamaki and Shoji, 2004).   The recreation opportunity spectrum that considers the diversity of recreation experience (Brown 1978, Buist 1982, Clark 1979, Driver 1978) will improve the utilization plan in this respect.   For instance, in Japan, the provision of people with recreational opportunities in a natural setting will add to the conservation of the natural landscape (Yamaki and Shoji, 2004). The recreational opportunity spectrum is important so as to be able to make provision for different types of activities in different types of settings for people with different tastes. There are three types of settings in the recreation opportunity spectrum namely: managerial, physical and social. The ROS Inventory characterizes and represents recreation opportunities as mixes or combinations of settings and probable experience opportunities arranged along a continuum or spectrum of ROS classes. The spectrum is set out in terms of seven ROS classes as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Primitive (P); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Roaded Modified (RM); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Semi-primitive Non-Motorized (SPNM); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Rural (R); and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Semi-primitive Motorized (SPM); à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Urban (U). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Roaded Natural (RN);2 The classes that make up this spectrum are differentiated from each other in terms of differing degrees or types of remoteness, naturalness and social experience as shown below. Water and Land Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (WALROS) The WALROS is an improvement of the Water Recreation Opportunity Spectrum which itself is sourced from the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum. The WALROS is also a tool which helps planners to make better decisions but it lays much emphasis on water resources such as reservoirs, lakes, rivers, bays, estuaries, wetlands, major springs, coastal zones, and protected marine areas.As our recreation activity was kayaking, the WALROS is more appropriate than the ROS. The WALROS unlike the ROS has only six classes which are namely: Primitive Semi primitive Rural natural Rural developed Suburban Urban Primitive setting: A primitive WALROS area is a large expanse of natural resources far from development and settlement. Human activity is rare and seldom. The water resources and shorelines appear natural, showing little evidence of past human use. Management relies on visitor cooperation and stewardship, and management activities often focus on resource protection, restoration, and monitoring. A sense of remoteness, wildness, solitude, and self-reliance is dominant among visitors. Visitor comforts, conveniences, and concentrations are not appropriate to a primitive setting. Examples of primitive settings are large expanses of lands and waters that are miles from development and settlement. The settings are commonly designated as wild and scenic Rivers, backcountry lakes, headwaters, marine reserves or other types of protected areas. Semiprimitive setting: A semiprimitive WALROS area is a large expanse of natural resources that is far from any city or metropolitan area and a considerable distance from small communities or developments. Natural resources dominate the landscape. Development is minor, and human activity can merely be sensed. However, a semiprimitive setting may include evidence of human activity such as distant farming operations, powerlines, livestock, small buildings, old roadways, historic structures, and historic logging or mining. These water resources are often within large expanses of public lands and waters. Management, in the form of patrols, facilities, and signage, is seldom noticeable and the visitors are expected to have their own equipment and skills enabling navigation and enjoyment of this setting. Visitors desire a sense of tranquility and an escape from their daily routine. Facilities are rural and blend well into the setting. Resource protection is highly important. The opportunit y for visitors to sense nature is widespread. Visitors sense solitude and remoteness. Examples of semiprimitive settings are large expanses of State lands and waters that are commonly designated as wild and scenic rivers. Rural natural setting: A rural natural WALROS area is a considerable distance from metropolitan areas and communities. Natural features are predominant on the landscape, and the presence of development is occasional or infrequent. Agriculture, tourism, and outdoor recreation are often primary industries. Many rural natural areas are large enclaves of public lands and waters. Natural resources dominate the landscape. The sights, sounds, and smells of development are infrequent. Natural-looking settings border the water resources. Water controls or other structures are occasional along the shoreline. Management is occasionally noticeable in the form of patrols, facilities, signage and full services. Visitors desire a sense of tranquility and escape from their daily routine. Opportunity for visitors to sense nature is prevalent as are occasions to enjoy periods of solitude. Recreation use, diversity, socialization, concentration, sense of security, and conveniences are periodic and occa sional. Examples of rural natural areas include unincorporated rural areas with secondary and unpaved roads, single residences, farms and ranches, rural county, small stores and fuel services stations, and areas bordering or surrounded by large expanses of public lands and waters. Rural developed setting: A rural developed WALROS area is beyond a metropolitan area and the suburban ring of development. Rural developed areas may contain working farms, ranches, and towns. In this setting, primary road networks are common. Although development will be prevalent and common, the setting has a rural sense because of a scattering of forests, water resources, hills, valleys, wetlands, open spaces, and agricultural lands. Naturally appearing shoreline edges are common, although various water controls or other structures are also common. Recreation management is prevalent and common but not as extensive as in an urban setting (e.g., personnel, rules, facilities, signs, services, conveniences, security). Recreation use, diversity, socialization, concentration, sense of security, and conveniences are less common than in a developed suburban or urban setting. The sights, sounds, and smells of recreation and non-recreation use are common, yet interspersed with locations and times when the urbanized visitor may experience a sense of tranquility and escape from everyday challenges. Examples of rural developed areas include areas with country estates, second homes and cabins, dams, power stations, primary and secondary roads, communication lines, resorts, marinas, small communities, full service campgrounds, farms and small commercial and industrial establishments. Suburban setting: A suburban WALROS area is on the fringe of the urban area. The sights of development and built structures are widespread. The built environment tends to be commercial and residential. The sights of commerce and everyday living are very obvious and prevalent. Natural-appearing settings can be found in community parks, greenways, trails, open space, natural areas and tidal marshes. The water resources tend to be highly channelized or altered to contain large fluctuations in water flow and for the protection of public safety and property. Recreation management is prevalent (e.g., personnel, rules, facilities, signs, services, conveniences, security). Recreation use, diversity, socialization, concentration, sense of security, and conveniences are also prevalent and obvious. The sights, sounds, and smells of recreation and non-recreation use (e.g., municipal, industrial, residential) are obvious but not dominant in a suburban setting. Examples of suburban WALROS areas ca n be found on the outer edges of most metropolitan areas in the United States and include parks, and trail systems. Urban setting: An urban WALROS area can be found in extensively developed and populated cities and metropolitan spaces where virtually the entire landscape contains manmade structures. Municipal, industrial, commercial, and residential land uses dominate, and the sights are typical of a city environment. Natural features may be found in small neighborhood parks, commercial courtyards, streetscapes, residential gardens, or landscaping. The water resources tend to be highly channelized, manipulated, or altered to contain large fluctuations in water flow and to protect public safety and property. Management presence is common and obvious (e.g., personnel, rules, facilities, sig